A solar panel works by harnessing the energy from the sun through photovoltaic cells, which convert sunlight into electrical energy, which can be used to power various devices and homes.
Step by step, sunlight falls on the solar panel, where the photovoltaic cells absorb the photons, causing the electrons in the cells to be excited and create a flow of electricity, which is harnessed and channeled through an inverter to convert it into usable AC power.

How Does a Solar Panel Work Step by Step With Explanation

Solar energy is becoming increasingly popular as a renewable and sustainable source of power. One of the most common ways to harness solar energy is through the use of solar panels. These panels convert sunlight into electricity, but how exactly does a solar panel work? Let's walk through the process step by step, providing an explanation along the way.

Step 1: Photons from the Sun Hit the Solar Panel

The first step in the solar panel working process is when photons, which are tiny packets of energy from the sun, come into contact with the solar panel's surface. The panel's surface is typically made up of a material called silicon, which is chosen for its ability to absorb photons effectively.

Step 2: Absorption of Photons

When the photons hit the surface of the solar panel, they are absorbed by the atoms in the silicon cells. During this process, the energy from the photons is transferred to the electrons in the atoms, causing them to become energized and break free from their atoms.

Step 3: Electron Movement

The energized electrons then start to move within the silicon cell. They are naturally negatively charged and are attracted to the positively charged side of the solar panel, known as the p-n junction. The p-n junction is created by layering different types of silicon, which forms an electronic barrier.

Step 4: Electric Field Generation

As the energized electrons move toward the p-n junction, an electric field is generated. This electric field acts as a barrier, preventing the electrons from easily moving backward or away from the solar panel.

Step 5: Electricity Generation

To generate electrical current, conductive metal plates on the top and bottom sides of the solar panel collect the energized electrons. As the electrons are collected, they create a flow of electric current. This current is in the form of direct current (DC), which is the type of electricity produced by solar panels.

Step 6: Direct Current to Alternating Current Conversion

Most household appliances and the power grid operate on alternating current (AC), not direct current. To make the electricity from the solar panel compatible with these devices, an inverter is used to convert the direct current to alternating current. The alternating current produced by the inverter matches the frequency and voltage required for regular usage.

Step 7: Energy Consumption or Storage

Once the electrical energy is converted to alternating current, it is ready to be used by appliances, lighting, or any other electrical devices within a building. Alternatively, if the solar panel produces excess electricity, it can be stored in batteries for later use when the sunlight is not available.

Step 8: Grid Connection and Net Metering

When a solar panel system generates surplus energy that is not immediately needed, it can be fed back into the power grid. This process is known as net metering. Through net metering, the energy supplied to the grid during the day can offset the electricity consumed from the grid during nights or cloudy days. An added benefit is that homeowners or businesses with solar panels can receive credits or discounts on their electricity bills.

In conclusion, solar panels work in a step-by-step process to convert sunlight into electricity. From the absorption of photons to the generation of electric current, the entire system relies on the movement of energized electrons within the silicon cells. The electricity produced by solar panels can be directly consumed, stored in batteries, or fed back into the power grid, contributing to an eco-friendly and sustainable energy solution.